Passion Flower: A Botanical Monograph

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Sources:

The Herbal Academy. (n.d.). Passiflora incarnata monograph — Herbarium. The Herbal Academy. https://herbarium.theherbalacademy.com/monograph/passionflower/?ap_id=thegreenwitch 

Thomson PDR. (2004). Passionflower. In PDR for Herbal Medicines (3rd ed., pp. 622–623). Medical Economics Company.

European Medicines Agency. (2014). Community herbal monograph on Passiflora incarnata L., herba. EMA. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/passiflorae-herba

Brouns, A., Lechtenberg, M., & Hensel, A. (2025). Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata): Quality of food supplements versus registered herbal medicinal products. Planta Medica, 91(9), 532–540. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40245939/

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2025). Passionflower: Usefulness and Safety. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/passionflower

Harit, M. K., Mundhe, N., Tamoli Sr, S., Pawar, V., Bhapkar, V., Kolhe, G., … Agarwal, A. (2024). Randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled, clinical study of Passiflora incarnata in participants with stress and sleep problems. Cureus, 16(3), e56530. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38646244/

Janda, K., Wojtkowska, K., Jakubczyk, K., Antoniewicz, J., & Skonieczna‑Żydecka, K. (2020). Passiflora incarnata in neuropsychiatric disorders — a systematic review. Nutrients, 12(12), 3894. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33352740/

Ngan, A., & Conduit, R. (2011). A double‑blind, placebo‑controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality. Phytotherapy Research, 25(8), 1153–1159. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21294203/